Information Communication And Knowledge Of An Organization Information Technology Essay

Information Communication And Knowledge Of An Organization Information Technology Essay Coca-cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company which leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrate and syrups. It is distributed over 200 countries. It owns more than 400 brands in the world including the main brands like diet coke,fanta and sprite etc.coca-cola is the most popular and the largest selling soft drink in history as well as in the world. Today there are many competitive in the beverage field. Therefore each company should be more attractive than their competitive companies. Information,Communication and Knowledge help the company to achieve its strategic goal. Amoung them Information and Knowledge help in decision-making and taking effectively. According to the coca-cola system they consider as their customers,grocery stores,restaurants and mass merchandisers. So that it is very important to know the ideas of consumers and their complaints about the product. As a beverage company Coca-cola company needs to know what customers ideas about the taste of their products.For that it has to be collect data fro m the customers and process them into information. Even though information collected there is no use if they do not distribute for use in organizations activities. Communication is the processes which distribute information.It can be done in many ways. The roles of Information, Communication and Knowledge in Decision making. The role of Information Information is a powerful resource and a large expense for many organizations. Information management is the process of collecting information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences.This maintains the data of an organization. The information system of an organization is essential for the day-to-day activities in an organization. The activities of organizations are mainly coordinated by information and communication. Information is said to be processed data. Data can be defined as the complete range of raw facts and measurements For examples; letters,numbers,symbols,sounds and/or images relating to the events in the organization or its environment. Data is collected and then processed into information.Therefore information can be defined as processed organized or arranged data which is meaningful to the person.Data itself has no meaning so it is not useful in decision making.But informations are useful in decision making. Information is necessary to convert the resources of an organization such as-people,materials, machines and money for use in the organizations activities. Organization needs information for many purposes. They can be categorized as follows; Planning Recording Controlling Measuring Decision making Planning-In this step information help to get an idea about the available resources,present market and competitors of an organization. Recording-The information which use in recording helps to manage the business properly because using recording historical details can be found easily. Controlling-Once a plan is implemented; its actual performance must be controlled. Therefore information requires checking whether activities are proceeding as planned or whether there is unexpected deviation from plan. Measuring-In this step information can be used to measure performances of business.This can be analyzed by collecting information on costs,revenues,volume,time scales and profitability. Decision-making-Information is very much important to make decisions within an organization. Good information should have following qualities; It should relevance to a users needs. It should be accurate. The information should be readily available within the time period. It should inspire the users confidence. It should communicate to the user clearly It should have effective cost. The role of Communication When data is processed the information is communicated immediately to the person who wishes to use it but if it is kept for later use then it must be stored and retrieved when required.So communication is a essential component in organization because it shows how information is sent and received within organizations.The way of transferring information is depending on the structure of the business.Like entrepersonal,pyramid,matrix and independent. In simple terms communication can be identified as the process of transferring or exchanging of information,ideas,beliefs and opinions between two or more parties. Therefore communication process helps to coordinate tasks and activities of the organization. In other words communication helps to coordinate tasks and activities in an organization to achieve its objective or objectives.Therefore effective communication is an essential component of an organizational success whether it is at the interpersonal,inter-group, intra-group,organizational or external levels.The communication performs an important role in facilitating decision-making.It provides the information that individuals and groups need to make decisions by transmitting the data to identify and evaluate alternative choices, from sources to decision makers. The role of Knowledge Knowledge is full utilization of information and data.It is also related with persons skills and experience.Knowledge is the information within peoples minds and it is a subset of information which has been extracted,filtered or formatted in a very special way. Knowledge management describes the process of collecting,storing and using the knowledge held within an organization.The knowledge is based on the meaningfully organized accumulation of information through experience communication or inference. Knowledge is very important in gaining competitive advantage for a business therefore organizations need to manage it as both object and process. Knowledge is the power source of an organization because knowledge can increase productivity and effecientcy of an organization.The goal of knowledge management is to improve the organizations ability to fulfill its core process more efficiently because knowledge can result in better decisions. Therefore knowledge of an organization; Increase productivity Lower costs of doing business Higher quality products,decisions and recommendations Information AND KNOWLEDGE NEED INTERNALLY and externally to improve Decision making and taking. What is Decision-making? Decision-making can be defined as a process which selecting the best course of action from among several courses of actions.This may be a solution for a particular problem or a making a choice to achieve a specified state of affairs.Within an organization decision is the point at which plans,policies and objectives are translated into concrete actions.Therefore the purpose of decision-making is to direct human behaviour towards a future goal.Decisions can be classified as structured and unstructured.The structured decisions are repetitive routine. They are programmed decisions. Unstructured decisions are non routine and if decision maker provides judgment it is called non-programmed decisions because it does not provide clear cut solution. Decision- making process Different people use different approaches in making decision.Diferent scholars have presented different series of steps of a decision-making process.Whatever stages are elaborated, the decision-making process should have four stages as; 1. Identification 2. Development 3. Selection 4. Implementation Identifying the problem and collecting Information are important in the identification stage, while developing and evaluating alternative solutions are discussed under the second stage, development.Selecting the best course of action amoung the alternative solutions under third stage and put decision into effect and provide report on the progress of solution in the final stage in decision-making.According to the decision-making process collecting information is very important. Decision-making comprises the whole process that involves decision makers upto the point at which the issue is decided.Decision-taking is the function or activity of the responsible authority as in the case of a manager deciding on a course of action. Recognize the need for a decision Define the problem Identification Collect data relevant to the problem Analyse the data and find the root cause of the problem Develop criteria for satisfactory solution Development Generate Alternatives Assess Alternative Selection Select an Alternative Get the authority and implement the chosen alternative Implementation Monitor the feedback Steps in the decision-making Importance of Decision-making Within an organization, different types of decision are taken at different levels.Generally the decisions which are taken by senior management will be affected the business as a whole, and decisions that affect only one aspect of the business will be taken by lower levels of management. David Jennings and Stuart Wattam stated decision-making as an activity that lies at the heart of management.This shows how important is decision-making to an organization. All the actions made by the organization are result of decisions made by the organization itself.Problems of an organization arises because of the limited resources. But to make the organization effective it has to use the available resources.Thus they need to improve their decision-making.On the other hand the competition faced by organizations is increasing day by day. The survival of an organization will totally depend on the quality of decisions they make every day.Organization is a sub system of a social system.Therefore organizations can not work independently because several other systems are interrelated to the organization. In the case of coca-cola company decisions which make at any managerial level is very important because it can be either increase or decease in the number of customers.The future of this type of companies totally depends on the their consumers.Therefore every decision has to be taken by thinking about the consumers. Strategies to improve Decision-making and taking by using Information and Knowledge internally and externally. Managers can improve decision-making by using information and knowledge internally and externally.Internal information is important for all management levels in their decision-making and taking in the organization.But this relate to activities or transactions performed within the organization, such as administrative tasks, the production of products and services or the sales of products. To improve internal information manager can; Establish a system for collecting data or measuring data such as measuring output,sales and cost Relying to some extent on the informal communication lines between employees. In an organization to improve the knowledge managers can improve the personal skills of the employees.They can organize seminars to improve the knowledge of the knowledge of employees. External information is the information that obtained from outside the business.It can be either official or unofficial sources.Normally these information concern about official areas (tax,regulations etc.), the economy,suppliers and customers.In an organization external information are very useful. It helps in effective decision-making because in decision-making it is very important to know customers ideas,complaints and choices.The information of official areas provide the current situation of the business world in political view.Therefore by collecting information and knowledge of the outsiders the organization can achieve their goal effectively and efficiently. STRATEGIES TO increase personal networking to widen involvement in the decision-making process. What is networking? Networking of a business is the process of establishing a mutually beneficial relationship between personnel including customers, stakeholders and experts.The purpose of networking is to increase business revenue by development of relationships that generate information, referrals, advice, support, energy and much more.The best business networking give rise to exchange business information,idea resources and is the most important skill to establishing a mutually beneficial relationships. For effective and strong networking it requires people to; Effectively communicate Be prepared and willing to share information Listening to the others Have good contact with others Exhibit curiosity Asking questions to show that they are interested in the subject Identifying people in jobs that can talk to and make enquiries of Sources of personal networking Personal networking includes both formal and informal network members.Personal networks can guide the self determined person.This is very important in decision-making.Personal networking helps to improve the productivity.As well as personal networking it is very important to keep in touch with any group or key individuals who can affect the work or the objectives of the organization. Stakeholder networking help to; Stay in touch with developments in area of work Get information which will help in the work Influence individual decision-makers Stakeholders can be internal ( all levels of managers and co-workers) or external(regulators, environmental and legal entities).Therefore stakeholders are clients, project managers and teams, contractors and sub-contractors, distributors and suppliers and everyone else with a stake in an outcome stakeholder networking is a key to business success. According to the stakeholder contacts it can be dividing into two types; i) Primary stakeholders- They are directly linked to the organization such as shareholders, employees, customers and suppliers. ii) Secondary stakeholders-They are indirectly linked to the organization such as the media, regulators and competitors. Good relationships with stakeholders can increase the stability of an organization. For example if it has good relationship between suppliers and organization they show optimal responsiveness to company needs. This is not easy to do. It needs time for people to know one another, build trust and deal with organizational issues Strategies to increase personal networking 1).Forming business relationships Establishing good relationships with stakeholders help individuals to go through to find and develop lasting interpersonal relationships. The relationships with stakeholders can improve by Attending the meeting or events of other organizations Use e-mail and the internet to network with national or international organizations Attending political and community events where key organizations and decision-makers will be present Attending conferences, seminars and consultation meetings The relationships with customers are very useful in decision-making because managers have to increase customer satisfaction and minimize their problems. For that they have to build good and smarter relationships with customers to identify their preferences and to develop trust. In this case complaints, errors and proposals of customer are very important. So they must be recorded. There should be any medium available to contact the customers such as Internet, through a call center or personal contact. Therefore in an organization the decision which making by the ideas of customers are more powerful in achieving their goals. Not only the customers relationships supplier relationships also very important. 2).Networking direct or using media as an intermediate Based on the relationship of trust someone can be use as a referral in the process of networking. It is the most fundamental act in networking. Professional networking groups are the best referrals. They meet at regular times at a specific place and take decisions. 3). Formal and informal networking 4).Networking through trustworthy relationships and confidentiality Every individuals in an organization link together through trust and relationships. Therefore networking through trust and confidentiality is very important. Development of a communication process to improve the decision-making and organizational knowledge Process of communication Communication can be thought of as a process or a flow. Noise/barriers Receiver Decoding Channel Encoding Source Message Message Message Message Feedback Communication flows from one person or group to another and then, via feedback to the original person a group making a closed loop or cycle. Elements of the communication process are; i. Communication source/sender- The person who has message to communicate. ii. Message- The message can be identified as what is communicated. It is the subject matter of the communication. iii. Encoding-Encoding is converting a communication message to a symbiotic form. iv. Channel-The channel can be defined as the medium through which a communication message travels. Examples; Telephone, Letters, Radio etc. v. Decoding-Decoding is translation of the symbols in message into form that can be understood by the receiver. vi. Receiver- The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed by the communication source/sender. vii. Feedback-Feedback is the check on how successfully the communication source/sender has been transferring his/her message as originally intended. It is necessary to ensure that the receiver has received the message and understood it in the same sense as communication source/sender wants. viii. Noise/Barriers-Noise is external distances in the communication process.It is very important to note about noise. The result of this noise is that the message received is not the message transmitted by the communication source/sender. The types of communication processes are; Meetings and conferences Workshop and training events Internet and e-mail Written Telephone Video conference Communication process of coca-cola company They use ICT (Information and Communication Technology) to communicate both internally and externally.ICT has enabled 24 hours- 7 days global communication. This includes communication with; Employees-They use Facsimile (Fax) as the tool to contact the employees because most employees have fax machines I their office. Management-The pagers and Fax-machines help them to contact. Customer-Coca-cola company use only e-mail to communicate customers. They could send different product or new sales etc. Distributors of Coca-cola- They use video conference for the communication The existing processes of communication in Coca-Cola Company are: Internet and E-mail Video conferencing Facsimile(fax) Internal ICT communication in Coca-Cola Company E-mail-This is very fast way to send information and it save lot of time both sender and receiver. The staff of the Coca-Cola Company has their own program which is installed in their computers to tell them once they have received e-mail. Using email message can be sent to multiple recipients easily and can be forwarded on to others. Fax- This allows people to have copies of document they may require and sent the message. Enables messages to reach remote locations quickly but complex images in he faxes are not clear. Pagers-This allows people to received information whenever they are and whenever they need but long messages cannot be sent through this. Mainly executives use pagers in business. Video conferencing-This cannot use by all companies. Through this people from different countries allow to talk one another and listen to what is being said. This type of communication is very effective in the communication because it allows transmitting pictures as well as voices. External ICT communication in Coca-Cola Company Fax use to contact the external suppliers and suppliers are the only people who do fax them externally. This type of communication process saves money and the time. Improvement to ensure greater integration of communication They can use conversation also as a tool.This is unstructed and a discuss a wide range of topics. In decision making meeting are very effective communication tool. Coca-cola Company is world wide company .here only top level managers and directors can meet and take decisions. This allows expressing multiple opinions and they can be discussed and resolved wide range of issues. This type of communication tools can be used in long term decision-making and taking but for instant decision making they can use telephone. This is good way of communication that does not required a written record and conference alls allow multiple participants. Workshops and training events can be used to improve employee Knowledge. Through that they can improve organizational knowledge. Those types of methods can be used country vice. Personal-Interpersonal skills should be improved.Interpersonal skills involve inspiring,motivating,leading and controlling people to achieve objective/objectives. Interpersonal skills can be defined as skills use in interactions and relationships between two or more people. Good interpersonal skills can assist in Motivation,Communication,Team working and Team building and customer care. The role of Knowledge MANAGEMENT (KM) plays in managing organization strategically As indicated in the role of knowledge , Knowledge Management describes the process of collecting,storing and using the knowledge held within an organization.It is basically focus on organizational objectives such as performance,competitive advantage and continues improvement of the organization through the improvement and sharing of organizational knowledge management throughout the organization.Therefore knowledge management is not a technology pr computer thing and it depends on the human skills. Knowledge management use to identify,create,represent and distribute insights and experiences in an organization. These are help in managing organization strategically.

Genres Of Literature

Genres of literature are important to learn about. The two main categories separating the different genres of literature are fiction and nonfiction. There are several genres of literature that fall under the nonfiction category. Nonfiction sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature list is a great resource to share with any scholars. Types of Nonfiction: Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format whichtells a story. Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative. A Biography is a written account of another person’s life. An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrativ e form of their person’s life. Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture.Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse. Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative nonfiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss.

The Symbol of Women in The Heart of Darkness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1169 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Heart of Darkness Essay Did you like this example? In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, women symbolize pretty illusions and the European civilizationrs capability to hide its bigotry and racism behind pretty ideals. In many areas in the book, women are described to be out of touch with the truth, and oblivious to the horrific events happening around them. This depiction of women is meant to portray them as lesser than men, and only as followers to the nefarious ideas of the West. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Symbol of Women in The Heart of Darkness" essay for you Create order They are also seen as devotees that elapse the beliefs of the white colonists, illustrating them as stupid and naive. Throughout history, women have been depicted as such, and Conradrs novel is no exception. Joseph Conrad became a citizen in the late nineteenth century† and introduced the public to new perspectives regarding the autonomy of women and the gender roles assigned to them. Due to the presence of these perspectives†and the difficulty in ignoring them due to their controversy†Conradrs text can ultimately be found sexist due to its portrayal of women as non-complex figures for the male gaze despite the authorrs likely introduction to the contrary. This demonstrates how Conradrs decision to portray women as dull characters, is not justified. This choice of characterization connects to the symbolization of women as pretty illusions because they have no real importance other than acting as a bulwark for the barbaric principles of the colonists during this time. One example of this depiction would be Marlowrs aunt when he tells her about the beautiful ideas behind colonization, and how it conceals the execution of colonialism. She agrees with him, and this establishes how women are symbolizing the civilizationrs failure to acknowledge its corruption. His aunt also leads him to the heart of Africa to spread the glories and ideas of the West, demonstrating how she is blind to the fact that pushing ideas onto people without consent is ethically and morally wrong. All in all, this, along with many other examples, ties into the blatant sexism of the novel because women are painted as naive and oblivious to surrounding situation. Anothe r being how Conrad gives women little to no narrative, and how they arent given actual names other than, Marlowrs Aunt or Kurtz mistress. As pointed out by Gabrielle McIntire in The Women Do Not Travel: Gender, Difference, and Incommensurability in Conradrs Heart of Darkness, the only traditionally feminine name that appears in the novella is placed on an object: Marlowrs ship, the Nellie. While McIntire includes that the naming of vessels under feminine names was common for the period, she concludes that naming the ship a traditionally female name nevertheless underscores the fact that he leaves every woman of his text unnamed (McIntire 257). This lack of individuality displayed in the novel represents how women werent viewed as singular people, but always paired with a man, or an inanimate object; However, Conrad never hesitates to describe their physical appearance, which is evidently more important than their current personality or name. she was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent, (Conrad 56). This shows the reader how he mentions how magnificent she is, but also throws in the fact that she is savage. The use of this word gives an understanding as to how Marlow describes the women as beautiful, however, since she is African, he still sees her as an animal because of her race. Overall, this connects with the theme of women being used as shields to hide the barbaric ideas of the West, because it displays how Marlow describes their appearance, but fails to mention anything about their personality; Thus, women are seen and used in the novel only for their beauty, painting them as the pretty illusions. This is exe mplified because Conrad also gives names to inanimate objects used by men and the colonists, but leaves out the names of actual people, while still pointing out how beautiful they are. Implying that their beauty is their only use in the novel, and something that isnt even human has more worth than them. As previously mentioned, in the novel, women are depicted to be more sensitive, fragile, and naive than men. This portrayal ultimately paints them as oblivious to the events happening around them, and men see it as their job to protect them from the real world since theyre hiding in the world theyve created in their head. This establishes blatant misogyny having to do with men feeling the need to protect women, as if they arent capable themselves. There are a few key examples from the book that demonstrate this representation, with one being Kurtzrs fiancee. The Intended is Kurtzrs fiancee. Marlow goes to visit her after the death of Kurtz. She seems to exemplify Marlowrs earlier statement that women live in their own world. She is nave to the extreme about Kurtz and about his activities in Africa. Her version of her fiance has little to do with the reality that Marlow has witnessed, yet he cannot bring himself to shatter her illusions. In the end, he decides to lie to her and tell her that the last thing Kurtz said before he died was her name. Marlow says that to have told her the truth would have been too dark†too dark altogether . . . . Marlow seems to have decided to heed Kurtzrs request that women have their own beautiful world that must not be sullied. This expresses the motif of the women in Heart of Darkness being blind to societyrs issues, and not being able to handle the truth about the world. It connects to the central theme of women being used to hide the inhuman ideals of the Europeans. Since the women are painted as naive, it shows the reader how they can easily be used by men to hide their ignorance and discriminatory principles. Overall, the idea of women not being able to handle themselves when faced with the harsh reality and having to be saved from it, gives us the impression that theyre naive and unintelligent. All in all, this depiction of women being deficient in intellect demonstrates how men saw them as an easy way for them In summary, the women in Heart of Darkness are used as pretty illusions for the colonists to hide their hypocrisy and racism behind pretty ideas. This is illustrated by the fact that Conrad gives women little to no narrative in the book, how Marlow only sees females for their beauty, and how theyre depicted as naive conformists. The minimal narratives given to female characters combined with the superficial view of women display how, in conclusion, Conrads novel exemplifies how women keep a pretty picture of the hypocrisy and corruption of the European colonists. Works Cited Carr, Willow. The Representation of Women in Heart of Darkness. Sosland Journal, (2016): 8. Web. Lewis, Linda Napikoski and Jone Johnson. Oppression and Womens History. ThoughtCo, Sep. 23, 2018, thoughtco.com/oppression-womens-history-definition-3528977. Odak, Sheila. Women in Heart of Darkness. Bright Hub Education, https://www.brighthubeducation.com/homework-help-literature/67924-women-in-heart-of-darkness/. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. 1902. New York: Dover, 1990. Print.

Assess the significance of popular pressure in bringing...

Assess the significance of popular pressure in bringing about improved representation and greater democracy in Britain in the period 1830-1931 The period of 1830-1931 saw gradual yet largely significant governmental reforms which led to an extension of the franchise from 500,000 to around 21 million. Prior to 1832, Britain’s franchise composed of a selective elite of the landowning class, however the 1832 reform act, although a disappointment in the extent of what it achieved, paved the way for further reform as it brought people together in rebellion (the Bristol Riots). This proved that popular pressure had the potential to be very successful in orchestrating parliamentary reform. The influence of pressure from outside parliament was†¦show more content†¦Whether a revolution was possible is questionable amongst historians, however as Eric Evans wrote, ‘What mattered was that enough MPs and Peers believed that it was, and acted accordingly.’2 It could also be said that unwittingly the government had evoked an atmosphere of popular pressure in Britain as everyone had seen how easily they had sur rendered to the rebels’ demands. Despite the bill’s limitations, the rioters had after all successfully achieved the first piece of legislation which was an incentive for future pressure from outside Parliament, hence quickening the process of improving representation and democracy in Britain. The Hyde Park riots of 1866 were another example of working-class radicalism in protest for reform. Similarly to the Bristol Riots, the rebels were destructive by force and although there was said to be ‘more mischief than malice’, a policeman was killed. Both the Bristol and Hyde Park riots were successful as they were each followed by a reform the next year. I believe that the main reason for the Hyde Park riots’ victory was the unification of the National Reform Union and the Reform League, two distinctively divided (in class) bodies. This demonstrated that people of different classes and backgrounds were able to unify in common aims in ways which the political parties could not. Furthermore, this alliance could be seen as a step towards democratic reform as it began toShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others